FEC (forward-error-correction) techniques correct errors at the receiver end of digital communications systems. In contrast with error-detection and retransmission ...

Communication-system designers have always had to deal with trade-offs among data reliability, efficient use of available spectrum, data throughput, and cost. Error-correction coding (ECC) is one of ...

Neural encoding is the study of how neurons represent information with electrical activity (action potentials) at the level of individual cells or in networks of neurons. Studies of neural encoding ...

Precisely engineered 3D meta-atoms produce structural colors tunable across the full visible spectrum within a single material and fabrication process. Programmable color shifts over time allow a ...