This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract We prove that the problem of determining the minimum propositional proof length is NP- hard to approximate within a factor of 2 log 1 - o(1) n ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract A propositional system of modal logic is second-order if it contains quantifiers ∀p and ∃p, which, in the standard interpretation, are ...

Solutions are available by request for course instructors and the self-taught. These documents are intended for the spring 2024 version of PHI 201, Introductory Logic. However, they will be fine-tuned ...

Description: Intelligent industrial systems. Expert-system and knowledge-based decision and control examples. Propositional logic, resolution principle for deduction, Horn-clause systems of logic, ...