Microarrays are nothing without their scanners, the instruments that extract the array's data in computer-readable form. Steve Fodor and colleagues at Affymax built the first scanner in 1989, around ...

In each type of cell, like a muscle cell or a skin cell, different genes are expressed (turned on) or silenced (turned off). If the cells that are turned on mutate, they could—depending on what role ...

To compare all the genes of one organism to those of another organism, we must first know how to define the entire gene sequence of each organism. However, looking at all of an organism's genes can be ...