The thrust of tree techniques is the extraction of meaningful subgroups characterized by common covariate values and homogeneous outcome. For longitudinal data, this homogeneity can pertain to the ...

Traditional spatial structure analysis methods, such as the nearest four trees (NFT) or Voronoi diagrams, lack the directional precision needed to capture localized competition effects on crown shape.

WH Smith lowered its annual profit outlook on Thursday after a review revealed earnings had been overstated in its North America division.