Image preprocessing is the first step in OCR technology, aimed at improving image quality to create favorable conditions for subsequent character recognition. Vehicle document images may be affected ...

Item factor analysis (IFA), already well established in educational measurement, is increasingly applied to psychological measurement in research settings. However, high-dimensional confirmatory IF A ...

Tony F. Chan, Gene H. Golub, Randall J. LeVeque, Algorithms for Computing the Sample Variance: Analysis and Recommendations, The American Statistician, Vol. 37, No. 3 ...