Error-correcting code (ECC) is a more robust memory checking system (see ECC memory). Plenty of "NO" Parity Around There are 12% more memory cells in 9-bit parity chips than there are in 8-bit memory.

As with the parity checking, checksums cannot detect multiple errors that offset one another. Another use of checksums is verifying the integrity of PROMs in embedded systems.

Distance sampling methods assume that distances are known but in practice there are often errors in measuring them. These can have substantial impact on the bias and precision of distance sampling ...