In the previous chapter, we learned various strategies to guide AI models 'down the mountain' (optimization algorithms), such ...

AI transforms RF engineering through neural networks that predict signal behavior and interference patterns, enabling ...

Backpropagation is not limited to function derivatives. Any algorithm that effectively takes the loss function and applies gradual, positive changes back through the network is valid.

The Forward-Forward algorithm (FF) is comparable in speed to backpropagation but has the advantage that it can be used when the precise details of the forward computation are unknown.