One July afternoon in 2024, Ryan Williams set out to prove himself wrong. Two months had passed since he’d hit upon a startling discovery about the relationship between time and memory in computing.

Counting Constraint Satisfaction Problems (commonly referred to as #CSP) form a foundational framework in computational complexity theory by addressing the challenge of enumerating all possible ...

This project explores 20th century intellectuals in German-speaking Europe and the United States who studied the human world by exploring what I term the "complexity problem.” That problem has two ...