defaultdict的核心原理是它在初始化时接受一个工厂函数（factory function），这个函数用于生成默认值。当访问一个不存在的键时，defaultdict会调用这个工厂函数来生成默认值，并将其插入到字典中。这使得defaultdict在处理图算法、计数器等需要频繁检查键是否存在的场景时，比普通字典更加高效和简洁。

*args 和 **kwargs的主要价值在于它们允许开发者编写更加通用和灵活的代码。无论是处理不确定数量的输入，还是需要在函数中传递额外的参数，*args 和**kwargs都能提供极大的便利。

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